Ali Jozi Khamselooei; Hoda Javaheran
Volume 22, Issue 87 , November 2013, , Pages 87-92
Abstract
The nature and essence of cities are intermingled with different issues such as political, economic, cultural, physical, juridical and environmental subjects. Therefore, “urban security” is a hybrid and complex concept. Because, city is influenced by many national and global units. Thus, ...
Read More
The nature and essence of cities are intermingled with different issues such as political, economic, cultural, physical, juridical and environmental subjects. Therefore, “urban security” is a hybrid and complex concept. Because, city is influenced by many national and global units. Thus, designing a defensible urban space is one of the most important topics in securing metropolises. These spaces may include designing secure residential spaces, integrating public spaces with different land uses (commercial centers, governmental offices and other important organizations), controlling population density in important urban areas in different time periods and improving transportation systems and crisis management. With access to comprehensive information and general data, we can prepare a map of urban crisis and improve urban security and safety by implementation of optimal solutions. The pattern of spatial changes in cities and the framework of urban land use are among the most important issues in urban security and safety which indicate the importance of passive defense planning. Urban spatial planning is among the most important leverages which shows the vulnerability of different urban areas in the case of natural and human crisis in different time and locations. Urban security and safety depends on very complex patterns of density related causes and multiple effects. The complexity of these patterns suggests that providing simple commentaries and describing specific causes have a limited value in optimizing urban security and safety. The present article seeks to evaluate the role of passive defense in providing and optimizing security of metropolises, and suggests fundamental strategies for decreasing secondary crisis (after the occurrence of primary crisis such as flood, earthquake, fire and urban chaos. It seems that the passive defense approach is a new strategic view in establishing the security of metropolises and building a healthy and secure city.
Masoud Mo'ayyeri; Ali Jowzi Khomslouei
Volume 18, Issue 71 , November 2009, , Pages 20-25
Abstract
This paper summarizes the changes in gas reaction and climate tracing in the Holocene period (about 10,000 years ago), with respect to the four glacier periods of the past. The industrial era, which usually begins in the 18th century, is associated with increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases as a result ...
Read More
This paper summarizes the changes in gas reaction and climate tracing in the Holocene period (about 10,000 years ago), with respect to the four glacier periods of the past. The industrial era, which usually begins in the 18th century, is associated with increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases as a result of fossil fuels and land use changes, and these are linked to an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface during the last decade of the twenty-first century. However, the analyses carried out by Ruddiman, which take the Holocene era and the urban community into consideration, have unprecedentedly compared changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases with that of glacial records of the past four hundred thousand years. During this period, carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH4) have increased, and this increase is probably due to the beginning of agricultural activities and land clearing in Eurasia. These and other changes in land use resulting from agricultural and rural activities may cause poor climatic change and prevent land’s temperature fall, or maybe due to natural forces. Although the early evidence supports the theory of Ruddiman, forestry and agricultural activities during the period of urban community may have exerted an impact on the climate equal to at least eight thousand years of the past.
